The Continued Militarization of Sri Lanka

October 22, 2011

Mahinda Rajapaksa attending the World Economic Forum. Source: World Economic Forum

Led by President Mahinda Rajapaksa, post-war Sri Lanka is a sad place. In May of 2009, the Sri Lankan government achieved a resounding military victory over the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).

Most of the LTTE’s leadership was killed. For the foreseeable future, it is hard to envision another Tamil nationalist movement taking up arms against the state.

Yet, if living in Sri Lanka, one might think that the conflict is still going on.

In post-war Sri Lanka, the militarization of the entire country has continued unabated. This development is less significant in the predominantly Sinhalese south, where military personnel are often viewed as heroes for defeating the LTTE. But in the mostly Tamil north and east, they are viewed as oppressors. Indeed the military’s presence in the north and east (both former LTTE strongholds where much of the fighting took place) is disturbing. State security personnel wield enormous influence over all aspects of people’s lives.

Precise statistics about military employment in Sri Lanka are not publicly available, but some of the most disturbing effects of this ubiquitous military presence are often left out of statistical analyses anyway. Members of the armed forces are literally everywhere. People are living in fear, especially single Tamil women who lost their husbands during the war.

Several weeks ago, a friend and I travelled along Sri Lanka’s A-9 in northern Sri Lanka, the road that leads from Vavuniya up to Jaffna. The entire area is teeming with army members. We passed through a number of checkpoints. What’s even more disturbing is the military’s obvious intrusion into civilian affairs. On our way up to Jaffna, my friend and I decided to grab a quick cup of coffee at what can be vaguely described as a Sri Lankan roadside café. We were served by an army guy. Army personnel are also working in various shops where household items are sold. I have read that the military has even gotten involved in tourism. This is absurd. The war is over. Tamil people already have been stripped of their dignity and they are now forced to live under de facto military occupation.

The local elections held in July in the country’s north and east show how unhappy people living there are. The ruling United People’s Freedom Alliance (UPFA) dominated the rest of the country, but they got little support in the north and the east. The government maintains that reconstruction and development in the north and east is going along swimmingly. This obviously is not the case. People in these areas have rejected the government’s development model, which focuses almost entirely on the pursuit of rapid economic growth as the way to address the legitimate concerns of the Tamil people. These people want a political solution; they want a genuine devolution of power. They want to stop being treated like inferior citizens in a land that they have occupied for thousands of years. But the Rajapaksa regime has given no indication it is open to a political settlement for the Tamil people.

To be clear, making significant reductions in military employment requires planning.

The last thing the Rajapaksa regime wants is large numbers of unemployed youth who just finished fighting a long war. That is a recipe for increased crime and civil unrest. But this government has not even thought about how decreasing military employment would work.

And, unfortunately, militarization fits in quite well with the current global political economy. Western countries like the US and the UK probably do not really care about a militarized Sri Lanka. Just like Western countries probably do not care about exploring the allegations of war crimes and crimes against humanity during the final phase of the conflict. The ambivalence from the international community to call for an international inquiry is obvious. Rather, the threat of an international investigation is probably just being used as leverage to try and get some form of a political settlement for the Tamil people. Besides, it is well-known that the Pentagon is pushing strongly for the US to open up a full-fledged military relationship with Sri Lanka.

The unnecessary militarization of Sri Lanka is a message that human rights groups (both domestic and international) have not articulated enough. There are a few important things to keep in mind. First, the government controls most of the media.

Second, there is already limited space to conduct human rights work in Sri Lanka.

While human rights defenders are brave, many would view talking about militarization as an unnecessary risk. Again, people are scared and fear is a powerful thing. The last point has to do with broader geopolitical trends and people’s desire to sell arms.

In spite of the Europe Union’s criticism of Sri Lanka’s human rights record, many member states have continued to sell weapons to the government since President Mahinda Rajapaksa first came to power in 2005. But this matters less when compared to China, which has been the country’s biggest arms dealer for the past couple decades. Add these arms sales to China’s ability to provide unconditional loans with alacrity, and it is no wonder that Rajapaksa regime has been looking east recently. As mentioned, the US Department of Defense has not given up on Sri Lanka either. The US government did sell arms to the government during the civil war and, as mentioned, there are many in Washington, DC who would like to see more weapons deals in the future.

For all of these reasons, a serious downsizing of the Sri Lankan military or a substantial decrease in military spending will remain unlikely for the foreseeable future.

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My opinion about the situation in Sri Lanka is different to many sentiments expressed here. Sri Lankan situation is not satisfactory beyond any doubt. However, the situation is not as grave as some of the pro LTTE comments here. Should the military be scaled down from the northen and Eastern areas? Yes, most definitely. SL government should take evasive action to un-arm the para-military groups in the first place. Otherwise, it would not be different to US army leaving Afghans in the hands of Taleban. Sri Lankan situation is unique and different to any other situation we find in most countries. If you try to narrow it down to a mere descrimination against the tamil people, we would not be doing justice to a peculiar political situation. Majority of businessmen in colombo, Sri Lanka are either tamil or muslim. Not only these businessmen conduct their businesses without any descrimination, but also, a lot of their clients are in fact sinhalese people. Most tamil people think highly of education; some of them can speak all 3 languages fluently. Even during the times of war a lot of tamil people had their education freely and fairly. This does not mean tamil people are without any issues. On one hand, tamil people have a lot of administrative barricades. Finding a tamil speaking officer in government offices is one of the huge difficulties they face, and I'm sure there are many other issues that the country would need to address in due course. On the other hand, a lot of issues they face are due to the low income level of their families. What we actually need in the country is a pragmatic plan to address all the grievances of low income sectors in the country. As we experience in most developed countries, generation of wealth and upliftment of living standards would make most of the tamil people switch their focus from discrimination to something more pertinent and relevant to their lives. Even though the discussion on descrimination would continue, the main focus would switch to something more advanced like savings or retirement plans.

Thanks Gibson for a great article on the current status and future implications in SriLanka. Recent US govt. activities seem to indicate a cover-up of atrocities committed by the SriLankan army. Wikileaks further substantiates deliberate silence and facilitation by US state officials in the massacre of Tamils which could easily have been prevented. The Congress must call an investigation into the handling of the affairs of Sri Lanka by US officials, including some of their business pursuits in SriLanka.

Its also a real pity the comments section of this article is overwhelmed with unsubstantiated vitriolic by pro-LTTE ultra-nationalist Tamils based overseas.

Thank you Bibson for your brave and  neural article. It seem like Sri lanka president people did war crime, State terrorism, crime aganist humanity in .   if Sri lanka president  hands were clean then why are these thugs so scared for un open unpartial UN monitored international investigation to find truth?

It is a pity this article is rife with conspiracy theory, sweeping statements, is poorly researched and lacks analytical rigour. It is typical of the well meaning fly-in-fly-out journalists who have written extensively on the conflict in the Western media and who fall easy prey to misinformation by either the pro-LTTE Tamil migrant lobby, or human rights lobby groups like the ICG. This author claims that figures are not publicly available. Wrong! If you do thorough enough research, which you have not clearly done, you will note that the Sri Lanka Navy recently opened 25 new satelitte camps along the northern coastline to interdict and monitor illegal fishing from southern India and also the prospect of LTTE reinfiltration from southern India. The troop number stationed in the north are large, that is without question, but the army is also heavily involved in national development, not just the provision of security. In addition, there have been reports that several thousand Tamil police constables have been recruited to serve in the Northern and Eastern Provinces, where many Tamils live. In a recent interview, the leader of the Jaffna-based Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front, or the (EPRLF), T. Sri Dharan, a progressive and moderate Tamil party, which is anti-LTTE for good reason, said that the percentage of support for the LTTE among Tamils is around 15% of the Tamil population in Sri Lanka. This is a very significant point you should take note of. While tensions remain between certain sections of the Tamil polity in the north, to suggest that the army is seen as oppressors is a sweeping exaggeration. There will be elements within Tamil society who do not like the presence of the military, but when the military was taken off the streets prior to the Presidential election in 2010, the  incidence of criminality dangerously spiked, and this led to public calls for the military to be redeployed in strength to restore law and order, which happened. The reasons for troop deployments in the north are varied, it would therefore by useful to avoid simplistic explanations for a complex equation. You should read the commentary written by the Point Pedro Institute, based on the Jaffna Peninsula, and also not rely so heavily on human rights groups with questionable agendas for information to compile your story. I hope you will keep this in mind next time you write on Sri Lanka's affairs.

Thank you Bibson for your brave, honest, and neural. It is Pure war crime, State terrorism, crime aganist humanity, genocide, ethnics cleaning and massacre. if their hands were clean then why are these thugs so scared for un open unpartial UN monitored international investigation to find truth?

Leve the Tamil to live in Srilanka.. if not .. SL gov need to resolve the issue..